Archives
Development of a Theoretically Derived Model of Resilience Through Concept Analysis
Brigid M Gillespie
Doctoral Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast QLD
Wendy Chaboyer
Director, Research Centre for Clinical and Community Practice Innovation (RCCCPI), Griffith University, Nerang QLD; Adjunct Professor Patient Safety Centre, Queensland Health, Brisbane QLD
Marianne Wallis
Chair, Clinical Nursing Research, Griffith University and Gold Coast Health Service District, Southport QLD
Abstract
Background
Resilience refers to a dynamic process that results in
adaptation in the context of significant adversity (Margalit 2004). The
concept of resilience has been of interest to various professional
groups for many years; however, it is only recently that the nursing
profession has begun to recognise its potential contribution in diverse
clinical contexts.
Objective
First, to identify current theoretical and operational
definitions of resilience and second, to identify and describe defining
attributes of resilience.
Methods
The method of inquiry was guided by Walker and Avant's (1995) approach to concept analysis.
Findings
From this analysis, a conceptual model of resilience
postulates that the constructs of self-efficacy, hope and coping are
defining attributes of resilience.
Discussion
Resilience appears to be a process that can be developed
at any time during lifespan, and thus is not an inherent characteristic
of personality. Further, the development of resilience is based on the
synergy shared between individuals and their environments and
experiences.
Conclusions
Further theoretical clarification of the ways in which
individuals transform stressful experiences into opportunities for
increased growth may contribute to nursing knowledge in the form of
better understanding of the resilience concept in the context of
identifying strategies that build it.
Keywords
resilience, defining attributes, self-efficacy, hope, coping
References
Bandura A (1977) Social learning theory, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Bandura A (1989) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change, Psychological Review 84: 191-215.
Bandura A (1995) Self-efficacy: The exercise of control, New York, Freeman.
Bandura A (1998) Self-Efficacy. In H Friedman (ed) Encyclopaedia of mental health, pp.71-81, San Diego, Academic Press.
Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (1988) New York, HW Wilson and Company.
Baron L, Eishman H, Scuello M, Veyzer A and Lieberman M (1996) Stress, resilience, locus of control, and religion in children of Holocaust victims, The Journal of Psychology 130(5): 513-526.
Biscoe B and Harris B (1994) Resiliency attitudes scale, Oklahoma City, Sage.
Block J and Kremen A (1996) IQ and Ego-Resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(2): 349-361.
Bonanno G (2004) Loss, trauma, and human resilience, American Psychologist 59: 20-28.
Connor KM and Davidson RT (2003) Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Depression and Anxiety 18: 76-82.
Deveson A (2003) Resilience, Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
Dyer J and McGuiness T (1996) Resilience: Analysis of the concept, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 10(5): 276-282.
Felten BS and Hall JM (2001) Conceptualizing resilience in women older than 85. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 27(11): 46-53.
Garmezy N (1993) Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk, Psychiatry 56: 127-136.
Holaday M and McPhearson RW (1997) Resilience and severe burns, Journal of Counseling and Development 75(5): 346-357.
Horton T and Wallander J (2001) Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions, Rehabilitation Psychology 46(4): 382-399.
Humphgreys JC (2001) Turnings and adaptations in resilient daughters of battered women, Journal of Nursing Scholarship 33(3): 245-252.
Kashden T, Pelham W, Lang A, Hoza B, Jacob R, Jennings R, Blumenthal J and Gnagy E (2002) Hope and optimism as human strengths in the parents of children with externalising disorders: Stress is in the eye of the beholder, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 21(4): 441-429.
Kohli R and Mather R (2003) Promoting psychosocial well-being in unaccompanied asylum seeking young people in the United Kingdom, Child and Family Social Work 8: 201-212.
Lazarus RS and Folkman S (1984) Stress, appraisal and coping, New York, Springer.
Magaletta P and Oliver J (1999) The Hope construct, Will and Ways: Their relations with Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and General Well-Being, Journal of Clinical Psychology 55(5): 539-551.
Margalit M (2004) Second-generation research on resilience: Social-emotional aspects of children with learning disabilities, Learning Disabilities Research and Practice 19(1): 45-48.
Masten A (1994) Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In M Wang and E Gordon (eds) Educational resilience in inner city America: Challenge and prospects, pp.3-25, New Jersey, Hillsdale.
Oxford English Dictionary (1989) Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Polk L (1997) Toward a middle-range theory of resilience, Advances in Nursing Science 19(3): 1-13.
Reivich K and Shatte AS (2002) The resilience factor: Seven essential skills for overcoming life's inevitable obstacles, New York, Broadway Books.
Richardson GE (2002) Metatheory of resilience and resiliency, Journal of Clinical Psychology 58(3): 307-321.
Rutter M (1985) Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder, British Journal of Psychiatry 147: 598-611.
Rutter M (1990) Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J Rolf, A Masten, D Cicchetti, K Nuechterlein and S Weintraub (eds) Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology: Vol 3: Social competence in children, 3: 49-74. Hanover, University Press.
Seifter Abrams M (2001) Resilience in ambiguous loss, American Journal of Psychotherapy 55(2): 283-292.
Sigal J and Weinfeld M (2001) Do children cope better than adults with potentially traumatic stress? A 40 year follow-up of Holocaust survivors, Psychiatry 64(1): 69-80.
Simmons B and Nelson D (2001) Eustress at work: The relationship between hope and health in hospital nurses, Health Care Management Review 26(4): 7-19.
Sinclair V and Wallston K (2004) The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale, Assessment 11(1): 94-101.
Snyder C (2000) The past and possible futures of hope, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19(1): 11-29.
Snyder C and McCullough M (2000) A positive psychology field of dreams: ‘If you build it, they will come...' Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19: 151-160.
Thies K (2006) Resilience. In K Thies and J Travers (eds) Handbook of human development for health workers (Ch. 4 pp.53-76), Sudbury, Jones and Bartlett.
Turner S (2001) Resilience and social work practice: Three case studies, Families in Society 82(5): 441-450.
Tusaie K and Dyer J (2004) Resilience: A historical review of the construct, Holistic Nursing Practice 18(1): 3-11.
Valant P (1998) Resilience in child survivors of the Holocaust: Toward the concept of resilience, Psychoanalytic Review 85(4): 517-536.
Wagnild G (2003) Resilience and successful aging: Comparison among low and high income older adults, Journal of Gerontological Nursing 29(12): 42-51.
Wagnild G and Young H (1993) Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale, Journal of Nursing Measurement 1(2): 165-178.
Walker LO and Avant KC (1995) Strategies for theory construction in nursing 2nd edn, California, Appleton and Lange.
Waller M (2000) Resilience in the ecosystemic context: Evolution of the concept, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 71(3): 290-297.
Walsh F (1998) Strengthening family resilience, New York, Guilford Press.
Walsh F (2003) Crisis, trauma and challenge: A relational resilience approach for healing, transformation and growth, Smith College Studies in Social Work 74(1): 49-62.
Werner EE (1993) Risk and Resilience in individuals with learning disabilities: Lessons learned from the Kauai Longitudinal Study, Learning Disabilities Research and Practice 8(1): 28-34.
Werner EE (2004) Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience, and recovery, Paediatrics 114(2): 492.
Werner EE and Smith R (1982) Vulnerable but not invincible, NY, McGraw-Hill.
Wolin S and Wolin J (1993) The resilient self, New York, Villard Books.
Woods S and Isenberg M (2001) Adaptation as a mediator of intimate abuse and traumatic stress in battered women, Nursing Science Quarterly 14(3): 215-221.
eContent Home