Contemporary smoking habits among nurses in Mainland China

References

Adriaanse H, Van Reek J, Zandbelt L and Evers G (1991). Nurses' smoking worldwide. A review of 73 surveys on nurses' tobacco consumption in 21 countries in the period 1959-1988. International Journal of Nursing Studies 28: 361-375.

Brinkman GL and Coates EO (1963). The effect of bronchitis, smoking and occupation on ventilation. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 87: 684-693.

Chen ZM, Xu Z, Collins R, Li Wx and Peto R (1997). Early health effects of the emerging tobacco epidemic in China. Journal of the American Medical Association 278: 1500-1504.

Garfinkel L and Stellman SD. (1986). Cigarette smoking among physicians, dentists and nurses. CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians 36: 2-8.

Hay DR (1998). Cigarette smoking by New Zealand doctors and nurses: Results from the 1996 population census. New Zealand Medical Journal 111: 102-104.

Heloma A, Reijula K, Tikkanen J and Nykyri E (1998). The attitudes of occupational health personnel to smoking at work. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 34: 73-78.

Hodgetts G, Broers T and Godwin M (2004). Smoking behaviour, knowledge and attitudes among Family Medicine physicians and nurses in Bosnia and Herzegovina. BMC Family Practice 5:12.

Hussain SF, Tjeder-Burton S, Campbell IA and Davies PDO (1993). Attitudes to smoking and smoking habits among hospital staff. Thorax 48: 174-175.

Lam TH, He Y, Li LS, Li LS, He SF and Liang BQ (1997). Mortality attributable to cigarette smoking in China. Journal of the American Medical Association 278: 1505-1508.

Li HZ, Fish D and Zhou X (1999). Increase in cigarette smoking and decline of anti-smoking counselling among Chinese physicians: 1987-1996. Health Promotion International 14: 123-131.

Liu BQ, Peto R, Chen ZM, Boreham J, Wu YP, Li JY, Campbell TC and Chen JS (1998). Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of 1 million deaths. British Medical Journal 317, 1411-1422.

Mackay J (1997) Beyond the clouds - Tobacco smoking in China. Journal of the American Medical Association 278: 1531-1532.

McKenna H, Slater P, McCance T, Bunting B, Spiers A and McElwee G (2001) Qualified nurses' smoking prevalence: Their reasons for smoking and desire to quit. Journal of Advanced Nursing 35: 769-775.

McKenna H, Slater P, McCance T, Bunting B, Spiers A and McElwee G (2003) The role of stress, peer influence and education levels on the smoking behaviour of nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies 40: 359-366.

Nelson DE, Giovino GA, Emont SL, Brackbill R, Cameron LL, Peddicord J and Mowery PD (1994) Trends in cigarette smoking among US physicians and nurses. Journal of the American Medical Association 271: 1273-1275.

Niu SR, Yang GH, Chen ZM, Wang JL, Wang GH, He XZ, Schoepff H, Boreham J, Pan HC and Peto R (1998) Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 2. Early mortality results from a prospective study. British Medical Journal 317: 1423-1424.

Ohida T, Osaki Y, Kobayashi Y, Sekiyama M and Minowa M. (1999). Smoking prevalence of female nurses in the national hospitals of Japan. Tobacco Control 8: 192-195.

Rowe K and Macleod Clark J (2000a) Why nurses smoke: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies 37: 173-181.

Rowe K and Macleod Clark J (2000b) The incidence of smoking amongst nurses: A review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31: 1046-1053.

Smith DR and Tang S (2004) Nursing in China: Historical development, current issues and future challenges. Journal of Oita Nursing and Health Sciences 5: 16-20.

Torres Lana A, Cabrera de León A, Marco Garcia MT and Aguirre JA (2005). Smoking and sickness absence among public health workers. Public Health 119: 144-149.

Willaing I, Jørgensen T and Iversen L (2003) How does individual smoking behaviour among hospital staff influence their knowledge of the health consequences of smoking? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 31: 149-155.

World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tobacco (accessed April 2005)

Yang G, Fan L, Tan J, Qi G, Zhang Y, Samet JM, Taylor CE, Becker K and Xu J (1999) Smoking in China: Findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. Journal of the American Medical Association 282: 1247-1253.

Yang G, Ma J, Chen A, Zhang Y, Samet JM, Taylor CE and Becker K (2001) Smoking cessation in China: Findings from the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. Tobacco Control 10: 170-174.

Xu Y, Xu Z and Zhang J (2000) The nursing education system in the People's Republic of China: Evolution, structure and reform. International Nursing Review 47: 207-217.

Zanetti F, Gambi A, Bergamaschi A, Gentilini F, De Luca G, Monti C and Stampi S (1998) Smoking habits, exposure to passive smoking and attitudes to a non-smoking policy among hospital staff. Public Health 112: 57-62.